ANALISIS PENGARUH LEADERSHIP STYLE DAN SAFETY CLIMATE TERHADAP DATA KECELAKAAN KERJA DI INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR

Abstrak: Masalah K3 (Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja) di Indonesia secara umum masih terabaikan, terlihat dari meningkatnya data kecelakaan kerja yang dikeluarkan oleh BPJS dari tahun 2013 hingga 2015. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya oleh Tucker et al (2016) dan Brown et al (2017), salah satu cara untuk memecahkan masalah ini adalah dengan mengevaluasi leadership style dan safety climate. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana leadership style dan safety climate yang ada pada perusahaan dapat mempengaruhi data kecelakaan kerja. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan melakukan observasi, wawancara dan kuesioner. Kuesioner NOSACQ-50 dan MLQ yang digunakan terlebih dahulu diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Hasil pengukuran menggunakan kuesioner tersebut dianalisa menggunakan regresi logistik. Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa iklim keselamatan kerja berdasarkan kuesioner NOSACQ-50 berkorelasi negatif terhadap data kecelakaan kerja dengan nilai Nagelkerke R Square atau kemampuan safety climate dalam menjelaskan data kecelakaan kerja adalah sebesar 21%. Leadership style yakni transformasional dan transaksional berkorelasi negatif, sedangkan tipe laissez-fair berkorelasi positif terhadap data kecelakaan kerja. Kelloway et al (2006) menyatakan bahwa transformasional dan laissez-fair berkorelasi terhadap kecelakaan kerja masing- masing positif dan negatif dengan R square sebesar 44%. Pada penelitian ini nilai Nagelkerke R Square atau kontribusi leadership style dalam menjelaskan data kecelakaan kerja adalah 47,7%. Kata kunci: leadership style, safety climate, data kecelakaan kerja, MLQ, NOSACQ-50 Abstract: Occupational Health and Safety problems in Indonesia are generally still neglected, as evidenced by the increasing work accident data released by BPJS from 2013 to 2015. Manufacturing industry activities such as PT Z, occupy the third position of fatal workplace accident statistics. PT Z itself has a working procedure, but in its application is still often the case of work accidents. Based on previous research by Tucker et al (2016) and Brown et al (2017), one way to solve this problem is to evaluate leadership style and safety climate. This study aims to analyze how the leadership style and safety climate that exist in the company can affect work accident data. This research was conducted by observation, interview and questionnaire. The NOSACQ-50 and MLQ questionnaires used were first tested for their validity and reliability. The results of the measurement using the questionnaire were analyzed using logistic regression. Based on the result and discussion, it can be concluded that safety climate is negatively correlated with the work accident data with the value of Nagelkerke R Square or the safety clarity ability in explaining the accident data is 21%. Leadership style ie transformational and transactional types are negatively correlated, whereas laissez-fair type is positively correlated with work accident data. Kelloway et al (2006) stated that transformational and laissez-fair correlates to occupational accidents of each positive and negative with R square of 44%. In this study the value of Nagelkerke R Square or leadership style ability in explaining work accident data is 47.7%. Keywords: leadership style, safety climate, accident, MLQ, NOSACQ-50

UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT PADA IPAL TERPADU KAWASAN INDUSTRI TEKSTIL TERHADAP Daphnia magna DI DAYEUHKOLOT

Abstrak: Terdapat sekitar 800  industri tekstil yang  berada di  Kabupaten Bandung dan membuang limbahnya langsung ke Sungai Citarum. Hal ini membuat kondisi Sungai Citarum berada pada status tercemar berat. Di Dayeuhkolot sendiri terdapat IPAL kawasan yang mengelola limbah dari 26 Industri tekstil di sekitarnya dan membuang efluennya ke Sungai Citarum. Pengawasan secara fisika dan kimia belum sepenuhnya dapat mewakili dampak limbah tersebut bagi lingkungan khususnya bagi makhluk hidup. Oleh karena itu diperlukan monitoring secara biologis yang berkaitan dengan makhluk hidup. Salah satu monitoring yang dapat dipakai adalah uji toksisitas akut (Whole Effluent Toxicity) untuk mengevaluasi kinerja IPAL agar efluennya dapat memenuhi baku mutu. Uji ini terdiri dari dua tahap yaitu yaitu uji pendahuluan (range finding test) dan uji definitif. Melalui uji ini didapatkan nilai LC50. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah Daphnia magna. Sebelum uji toksisitas akut dilakukan uji karakterisasi terlebih dahulu. Dari uji karakterisasi didapatkan beberapa parameter berada di atas baku mutu dan dapat bersifat toksik. Nilai LC50 sementara yang didapat hari Senin, Selasa, Rabu, Kamis, Jumat dan Sabtu adalah 16,8%,31,9%, 37,5%, 32%, 34,4%, dan 29,3%. Nilai LC50 sementara tidak terlalu berbeda atau tidak berfluktuatif dan masih dalam rentang konsentrasi yang sama. Lalu dilakukan uji definitif sehingga di dapat nilai LC50 aktual. . Nilai LC50 aktual dari hari Senin, Selasa, Rabu, Kamis, Jumat dan Sabtu adalah13.73%, 52,24%, 28,55%, 56%, 47,06%, dan 21,99%. Dan nilai TUa dari keenam sampel >1 sehingga tergolong toksik dan belum aman dibuang ke lingkungan. Kata kunci: Daphnia magna, evaluasi IPAL, industri tekstil, LC50, uji toksisitas akut Abstract : There are about 800 textile industries that located in Bandung and discharge their wastewaste directly into the Citarum River. This made the condition of the Citarum River was in heavily polluted status. In Dayeuhkolot there is WWTP area that treated wastewater from 26 textile industry around it and discharge its effluent into the Citarum River. Physical and chemical monitoring can't fully represent the impact of waste on the environment, especially for living things. Therefore it's necessary to performed biological monitoring that related to living things. One of method of biological monitaring that we can use is acute toxicity test (Whole Effluent Toxicity) to evaluate the performance of the WWTP so its effluent meet quality standards. This test consists of two stages: the preliminary test (range finding test) and the definitive test. Through this test we could obtaine LC50 values. Test animals that be used is Daphnia magna. Before the acute toxicity tests, characterization test is conducted. From characterization test is obtained some parameters are above the standards and toxic. LC50 values that is obtained in Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday were 16.8%, 31.9%, 37.5%, 32%, 34.4%, and 29.3%. LC50 values were not being too different or not fluctuated and still in the same concentration range. Then from definitive test we can obtained actual LC50 values. Actual LC50 values from Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday were 13.73%, 52.24%, 28.55%, 56%, 47.06%, and 21.99%. And the TUa values from these six samples were >1 so  relatively toxic and is not yet safe discharged into the environment. Key words: acute toxicity test, Daphnia magna, LC50, textile industry, WWTP evaluatio

EVALUASI KUALITAS AIR TANAH DARI SUMUR GALI AKIBAT KEGIATAN DOMESTIK DI KAMPUNG DARAULIN-DESA NANJUNG

Abstrak: Sungai Citarum memiliki tingkat pencemaran tinggi akibat banyaknya sampah, limbah domestik maupun limbah pabrik yang disalurkan ke badan air tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan banjir di wilayah sepanjang Sungai Citarum salah satunya yaitu Kampung Daraulin di Desa Nanjung, Kecamatan Margaasih, Kabupaten Bandung. Untuk mencegah banjir pemerintah melakukan proyek normalisasi Sungai Citarum dengan mengeruk dan melebarkan sungai serta meluruskan bagian yang berkelok. Bagian tersebut ditutup. Masyarakat di sekitarnya khususnya penduduk di Kampung Daraulin memanfaatkan bagian tersebut sebagai tempat penampungan limbah domestik. Hal ini mengakibatkan turunnya kualitas air sungai tersebut yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas air tanah di sekitarnya. Penduduk Kampung Daraulin memanfaatkan sumur gali sebagai sumber air untuk kegiatan sehari-hari. Padatnya penduduk di Kampung Daraulin menyebabkan lokasi sumur gali dengan tangki septik sangat dekat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah air tanah di Kampung Daraulin tercemar oleh limbah domestik. Penelitian ini diawali dengan inspeksi sanitasi melalui kuisioner dan dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan sampel air tanah di laboratorium. Pemeriksaan sampel air tanah ini dilakukan di beberapa titik sampling dengan menggunakan metode statistika Simple Random Sampling (SRS), meliputi analisa ammonium dengan metode nessler-spectrofotometri, nitrit dengan metode Reaksi Diazotasi-Spektrofotometri, nitrat dengan metode Brucin-Spectrofotometri, Fosfat dengan metode Stannous Chlorida-Spectrofotometri, dan analisa jumlah bakteri Escherichia Coli dilakukan dengan metode Jumlah Perkiraan Terdekat (JPT). Dari hasil pemeriksaan sampel air sumur gali di Kampung Daraulin diketahui bahwa beberapa sumur gali di Kampung Daraulin tercemar akibat limbah domestik.Kata kunci: Air Tanah, Limbah Domestik, Sumur Gali, Sungai dan Tangki Septik Abstract : Citarum River has a fairly high level of pollution because of domestic and industrial waste. The wastes are channeled to the river and that cause flooding in areas along the river. One of the areas frequently affected by floods is Daraulin Village in Nanjung, Kecamatan Margaasih, Kabupaten Bandung. To prevent flooding, the Government do a project for normalization of Citarum River. This project doing dredge, expand and extend the winding river. Part of  the winding river is closed, but the surrounding community, especially the residents of Daraulin Village, make a river as reservoir for the domestic waste water.  This cause reducting of the water river quality, which can also affect the quality of  groundwater. The residents in Daraulin Village use dug wells as a source of water for their daily activities. The densely populated village cause location between dug wells and septic tank is very close. The study was conducted to determine the groundwater in Daraulin Village polluted by the domestic waste water. The study began with the sanitary inspection with questionnaire and continued with the analysis in the laboratory. The sampling points is using statistical methods Simple Random Sampling (SRS). The laboratory analysis includes the analysis of ammonium with Nessler-spectrophotometry method, analyses nitrit by Diazotasi reaction-spectrophotometry, analyses nitrate by Brucin-Spectrofotometri, phosphate by stannous chloride-Spectrofotometri, and analysis Escherichia Coli by Most Probable Number (MPN). The results of water samples from dug wells in Daraulin village show that some of the dug wells are polluted by domestic waste..  Key words: Domestic Waste, Dug Well, Groundwater,  River and Septic Tan

ANALISIS TOKSISITAS AKUT EFLUEN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI DI KOTA CIMAHI

Abstrak: Pengukuran toksisitas efluen Insatalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) merupakan hal yang penting dilakukan sebagai usaha untuk menjaga kualitas badan air permukaan. Pada pengukuran toksisitas dapat diketahui respon gabungan dari unsur atau senyawa yang ada dalam efluen. Daphnia sp dan Moina sp adalah organisme yang biasa dipakai dalam uji toksisitas. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah penentuan toksisitas (LC50) efluen IPAL industri Cat, Farmasi, Pelapisan Logam, Penyamakan Kulit, dan Tekstil, serta Kegiatan Rumah Sakit di Kota Cimahi serta membandingkan Daphnia sp dan Moina sp sebagai organisme uji dalam uji toksisitas efluen. Uji toksisitas akut pada efluen IPAL, mendapatkan hasil yang bervariasi, namun tetap dapat diketahui bahwa industri farmasi menghasilkan efluen paling toksik (1,171 % efluen) dan kegiatan rumah sakit menghasilkan efluen yang tidak toksik. Secara keseluruhan pada efluen IPAL, Daphnia sp menunjukkan sensitivitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan Moina sp.Abstact: Toxicity test is an important parameter in wastewater plant effluent as it provides the whole response of the test organisms to all compounds in water body. Daphnia sp and Moina sp is the commonly used in toxicity test. The objective of this study was to examined the toxicity level (LC50) of the effluent were taken from painting, pharmaceutical, electroplating, leather tanning, and textile industries, also from hospital activity in Cimahi. The second objective was to compared the sensitivity level of Daphnia sp and Moina sp as the test organisms. The acute toxicity test showed that pharmaceutical industry effluent was most toxic (1.171 % effluent) of all the effluents tested, and the lowest was hospital activity effluent. Overall, Daphnia sp was more sensitive than Moina sp.  Keywords : Toxicity Test, Daphnia sp, Moina sp, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Effluent, Cimah

Risk Assessment and Fractionation of Cadmium Contamination in Sediment of Saguling Lake in West Java Indonesia

This research focused on the speciation and distribution patterns of cadmium in surface sediment from Saguling Lake, which is located in the Upper Citarum River. Organic compounds and heavy metals from anthropogenic activities in the watershed have contaminated the river. Sample from the upper layer of the sediment from Saguling Lake were taken from 12 locations, representing the dry and the rainy seasons in the period 2015-2018. Sediment cadmium (Cd) classification was conducted through a sequential extraction technique to determine Cd’s bioavailability and its risk to the water environment. During the rainy season, the total Cd concentration in the upper layer of the sediment was higher than during the dry season. The average dry and rainy season concentrations were 11.12 ± 2.16 mg/kg and 14.82 ± 1.48 mg/kgm in the sampling locations, distributed differently with the following order of the largest to the smallest concentration: 10B > 1A > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1B > 10A > 7 > 9 > 5 > 6 > 8 for the dry season, and 4 > 1A > 1B > 2 > 7 > 5 > 9 > 3 > 6 > 10A > 8 > 10B for the rainy season. All sampling locations (>60%) showed Cd in the resistant fraction, indicating no significant anthropogenic input of Cd into the surface sediment but more geological input due to high erosion. The values of RAC, ICF, and GFC indicate that the Cd in the surface sediment can be categorized as low risk

Risk Assessment and Fractionation of Cadmium Contamination in Sediment of Saguling Lake in West Java Indonesia

This research focused on the speciation and distribution patterns of cadmium in surface sediment from Saguling Lake, which is located in the Upper Citarum River. Organic compounds and heavy metals from anthropogenic activities in the watershed have contaminated the river. Sample from the upper layer of the sediment from Saguling Lake were taken from 12 locations, representing the dry and the rainy seasons in the period 2015-2018. Sediment cadmium (Cd) classification was conducted through a sequential extraction technique to determine Cd’s bioavailability and its risk to the water environment. During the rainy season, the total Cd concentration in the upper layer of the sediment was higher than during the dry season. The average dry and rainy season concentrations were 11.12 ± 2.16 mg/kg and 14.82 ± 1.48 mg/kgm in the sampling locations, distributed differently with the following order of the largest to the smallest concentration: 10B > 1A > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1B > 10A > 7 > 9 > 5 > 6 > 8 for the dry season, and 4 > 1A > 1B > 2 > 7 > 5 > 9 > 3 > 6 > 10A > 8 > 10B for the rainy season. All sampling locations (>60%) showed Cd in the resistant fraction, indicating no significant anthropogenic input of Cd into the surface sediment but more geological input due to high erosion. The values of RAC, ICF, and GFC indicate that the Cd in the surface sediment can be categorized as low risk

Studi Penurunan Kandungan Besi Organik dalam Air Tanah dengan Oksidasi H2O2-UV

Fe(II) terlarut dapat bergabung dengan zat organik dan membentuk senyawa kompleks yang sulit untuk dihilangkan dengan aerasi biasa. Salah satu teknologi alternatif untuk menghilangkan besi tersebut adalah dengan Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) yang dapat menghasilkan radikal hidroksil (OH"¢). OH radikal yang terbentuk mempunyai potensial oksidasi yang tinggi sehingga diharapkan mampu mengoksidasi senyawa besi kompleks zat organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi penurunan besi menggunakan H2O2-UV, kinetika reaksi yang terjadi, dan melihat pengaruh masing-masing faktor serta interaksi setiap faktor terhadap reaksi oksidasi besi melalui uji statistik. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara batch dengan variasi konsentrasi besi total awal: 3, 5, dan 10 mg/l; Fe:H2O2 = 1:5, 1:8, dan 1:10 (mol/mol); dengan perlakuan menggunakan UV 3x10 watt dan tanpa UV. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi H2O2-UV 3x10 watt memberikan efisiensi penurunan besi yang paling baik pada dosis Fe:H2O2 = 1:5, yaitu 99% dan H2O2 menghasilkan efisiensi paling baik pada dosis Fe:H2O2 = 1: 8, yaitu 84%. Semakin besar konsentrasi besi total awal semakin kecil persen penurunan besi. Tetapi tidak selamanya penambahan dosis H2O2 akan meningkatkan efisiensi. Sedangkan sinar UV memberikan pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadap oksidasi besi apabila dikombinasikan dengan H2O2. Reaksi oksidasi besi ini menghasilkan orde pertama-semu untuk penurunan besi kompleks zat organik dan konstanta laju reaksi semakin besar apabila oksidasi menggunakan H2O2-UV 3 x10 watt. Proses oksidasi dengan H2O2-UV 3x10 watt ini akan menghasilkan persen penurunan Fe-R sebesar 67% setelah diujikan pada air sumur di daerah Bandung

Pencemaran Kadmium Di Sedimen Waduk Saguling Provinsi Jawa Barat (Cadmium Pollution in Saguling Dam Sediment West Java Province)

Sungai Citarum Hulu merupakan sumber air utama Waduk Saguling. Kualitas air sungai ini telah mengalami penurunan bahkan terpantau beberapa logam berat terkandung dalam air Sungai Citarum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pencemaran Cd di sedimen Waduk Saguling pada dua musim yang berbeda. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di 10 titik di Waduk Saguling. Penelitian mengkaji perbedaan konsentrasi Cd pada Bulan Juli 2015 mewakili musim kemarau dan Bulan November 2015 mewakili musim hujan. Sedimen yang diperiksa merupakan sedimen permukaan pada kedalaman 0-10 cm pada dasar waduk. Konsentrasi Cd di sedimen dianalisis menggunakan ICP-MS. Tingkat pencemaran sedimen akibat Cd dinilai dengan menggunakan dua metode yaitu: faktor contaminasi/contamination factor, CF dan indeks pencemaran logam/Metal Pollution Index, MPI. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian konsentrasi Cd dalam air selama satu dekade mulai tahun 2008-2014 cenderung mengalami peningkatan, dengan konsentrasi berkisar antara 0 mg/L-0,14 mg/L. Konsentrasi rata-rata Cd di sedimen Waduk Saguling pada Bulan Juli 2015 mewakili musim kemarau sebesar 13,54 mg/kg, sedangkan pada Bulan November 2015 mewakili musim hujan sebesar 21,08 mg/kg. Konsentrasi Cd di sedimen Waduk Saguling tidak memenuhi baku mutu kualitas sedimen berdasarkan baku mutu yang berlaku di Australian dan New Zaeland mengingat Indonesia belum memiliki baku mutu kualitas sedimen yaitu sebesar 1,5 mg/kg. Hasil penilaian kualitas sedimen dengan menggunakan metode CF di semua titik penelitian di Waduk Saguling termasuk kategori terkontaminasi sangat tinggi sedangkan berdasarkan hasil penilaian dengan MPI kualitas sedimen Waduk Saguling termasuk kategori tercemar oleh logam berat Cd. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan bahan pertimbangan bagi pengelolaan Waduk Saguling mengenai kondisi pencemaran logam berat yang telah terjadi di waduk tersebut

Rainfall Variability and Landuse Conversion Impacts to Sensitivity of Citarum River Flow

The objective of this study is to determine the sensitivity of Citarum river flow to climate change and land conversion. It will provide the flow information that required in the water resources sustainability. Saguling reservoir is one of the strategic reservoirs, which 75% water is coming from the inflow of Upper Citarum measured at Nanjung station. Climate variability was identified as rainfall variability. Sensitivity was calculated as the elasticity value of discharge using three-variate model of statistical approach. The landuse conversion was calculated used GIS at 1994 and 2004. The results showed that elasticity at the Nanjung station and Saguling station decreased from 1.59 and 1.02 to 0.68 and 0.62 respectively. The decreasing occurred in the before the dam was built period (1950-1980) to the after reservoirs operated period (1986-2008). This value indicates that: 1) Citarum river flow is more sensitive to rainfall variability that recorded at Nanjung station than Saguling station, 2) rainfall character is more difficult to predict. The landuse analysis shows that forest area decrease to ± 27% and built up area increased to ± 26%. Those implied a minimum rainfall reduction to± 8% and minimum flow to ± 46%. Those were caused by land conversion and describing that the vegetation have function to maintain the base flow for sustainable water resource infrastructure

HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN SEDIMENTS IN SAGULING LAKE WEST JAVA INDONESIA

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to assess the chemical speciation of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb) in 12 surface sediments at Saguling Lake West Java Indonesia. A five-step sequential extraction technique was used to evaluate speciation heavy metals from Saguling Lake surface sediments. A risk assessment code (RAC) was applied to estimate the risk of heavy metals release in to the environment. The total mean value of heavy metals in surface sediment varied in the following descending order Cr>Cu>Cd>Pb. Based on the RAC value the sediments of Saguling Lake had been polluted by heavy metals, and they did pose medium ecological risk. The information on total metal concentrations in sediment was not sufficient for assessing the metal behavior in the environment, but metal speciation greatly determines the behaviors and toxicity of metals in the environment so it was more effective in estimating the environmental impact of contaminated sediments